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⚗️ Process Calculations & Thermodynamics Notes
Material and energy balances, tie components, recycle, bypass and purge, degrees of freedom and the phase rule, the first and second laws of thermodynamics, and equations of state for real gases and mixtures.
5 of 5 chapters written
Chapters
- 01Laws of Conservation of Mass & Energy — Material and Energy BalancesThe general balance equation, steady and unsteady processes, material balances with and without chemical reaction (basis, flowsheet, component and atom balances, limiting and excess reactant, conversion, yield and selectivity), and the energy balance for closed and open (flow) systems — with worked examples.Read →
- 02Tie Components, Recycle, Bypass & Purge CalculationsHow to use a tie component to solve material balances, and how recycle, bypass and purge streams work — overall versus single-pass conversion, recycle ratio, why a purge is needed to stop inerts building up — with fully worked examples.Read →
- 03Degrees of Freedom — Process Analysis & Gibbs Phase RuleDegrees-of-freedom analysis for material and energy balance problems (unknowns minus independent equations), under-, exactly- and over-specified problems, and the thermodynamic degrees of freedom from the Gibbs phase rule F = C − P + 2, with reactions, and examples such as the triple point of water.Read →
- 04First & Second Laws of Thermodynamics and Their ApplicationsSystems and properties, state and path functions, the zeroth and first laws, internal energy and enthalpy, specific heats, ideal-gas processes (isothermal, adiabatic, isobaric, isochoric), the second law (Kelvin–Planck and Clausius statements), heat engines, refrigerators and heat pumps, the Carnot cycle, entropy and the third law — with worked examples.Read →
- 05Equations of State & Properties of Real SystemsThe ideal-gas law and its limits, the compressibility factor, van der Waals, virial, Redlich–Kwong and Peng–Robinson equations, critical constants and reduced properties, the principle of corresponding states, gas mixtures (Dalton, Amagat), vapour pressure and phase equilibrium (Clausius–Clapeyron, Raoult's and Henry's laws) and fugacity — with worked examples.Read →
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