Last reviewed 1 Oct 2026 · Facts as of 1 Oct 2026 · 7 min read
Crop production changes with the monsoon every year. National values below are rounded, dated reference points; Odisha crop-wise numbers are described qualitatively and flagged (verify) because they change by year and by revision. Always check the latest Agricultural Statistics at a Glance (national) and Odisha Agriculture Statistics (state).
Crop groups
| Group | Examples |
|---|---|
| Cereals | Rice, wheat, maize, jowar (sorghum), bajra (pearl millet), ragi (finger millet), barley, small millets |
| Pulses | Gram (chickpea), tur (arhar/pigeon pea), moong, urad, lentil (masoor), peas, horse gram, kulthi |
| Food-grains | Cereals + pulses |
| Oilseeds | Groundnut, rapeseed–mustard, soybean, sesamum (til), sunflower, safflower, niger (ramtil), castor, linseed |
| Fibre crops | Cotton, jute, mesta (kenaf), sunn hemp |
| Sugar crops | Sugarcane |
| Plantation and spices | Tea, coffee, rubber, coconut, cashew, arecanut, pepper, turmeric, chilli, ginger |
| Horticulture | Fruits, vegetables, flowers, medicinal and aromatic plants |
| Fodder | Berseem, lucerne, maize, jowar, oats |
Seasons: Kharif (monsoon crop: rice, maize, jowar, bajra, ragi, cotton, groundnut, soybean, tur, moong, urad, jute); Rabi (winter crop: wheat, barley, gram, lentil, peas, mustard, linseed); Zaid (summer: pulses, vegetables, cucurbits, maize, groundnut).
India — dated reference points (rounded)
| Crop/group | Reference value and year |
|---|---|
| Total food-grains | About 330 million tonnes — 2022–23 Final Estimate (about 3,300 lakh tonnes); the series has been rising, with a record in later years (verify the latest estimate) |
| Rice | About 135–137 million tonnes (2022–23) |
| Wheat | About 110–113 million tonnes (2022–23, subject to revision) |
| Pulses | About 26–28 million tonnes (2022–23; India is the world's largest producer and consumer of pulses and still imports some) |
| Oilseeds | Roughly 40 million tonnes (2022–23 range; India imports a large share of its edible oil needs) |
| Sugarcane | Above 450 million tonnes in good years (verify) |
| Horticulture | Production of fruits and vegetables exceeds food-grain by weight in some estimates — over 350 million tonnes in the 2020s (verify) |
(All approximate; use the latest estimate in the source for exact values.)
Advance versus Final Estimates
Advance Estimates (first to fourth, for kharif and rabi) are forecasts that are revised; Final Estimates include all data. Never mix the two series in a trend comparison without noting the source.
Productivity and growth
- Yield (productivity) .
- Growth of production has two sources: area expansion and yield improvement — since the net sown area is flat, yield growth is the dominant source (the Green Revolution from the mid-1960s — high-yielding wheat and rice varieties, irrigation, fertiliser — raised yields in Punjab, Haryana and western UP first, later in other regions).
- Rice yield: the official national average (in terms of milled rice) has been about 2.7–2.9 t/ha in recent years (verify); Punjab is the highest among major states (above 4 t/ha of rice), while the eastern states, including Odisha, have long been below the best (a large "yield gap") — the basis of the "Second Green Revolution in eastern India" focus.
- Wheat yield is about 3.2–3.5 t/ha nationally (2020s; verify).
Decomposition of production growth
For production , the growth rate approximately equals the area growth plus the yield growth:
Production of a crop in a state increases from 6.0 to 7.8 million tonnes while the area changes from 3.0 to 3.2 million ha.
- Yield: t/ha; t/ha.
- Total change mt.
- Area effect mt (22 %).
- Yield effect mt (73 %).
- Interaction mt (5 %).
- Check: mt ✓.
Most of the rise came from yield improvement.